题目描述：

LeetCode 638. Shopping Offers

In LeetCode Store, there are some kinds of items to sell. Each item has a price.

However, there are some special offers, and a special offer consists of one or more different kinds of items with a sale price.

You are given the each item's price, a set of special offers, and the number we need to buy for each item. The job is to output the lowest price you have to pay for exactly certain items as given, where you could make optimal use of the special offers.

Each special offer is represented in the form of an array, the last number represents the price you need to pay for this special offer, other numbers represents how many specific items you could get if you buy this offer.

You could use any of special offers as many times as you want.

Example 1:

Input: [2,5], [[3,0,5],[1,2,10]], [3,2]
Output: 14
Explanation: 
There are two kinds of items, A and B. Their prices are $2 and $5 respectively. 
In special offer 1, you can pay $5 for 3A and 0B
In special offer 2, you can pay $10 for 1A and 2B. 
You need to buy 3A and 2B, so you may pay $10 for 1A and 2B (special offer #2), and $4 for 2A.

Example 2:

Input: [2,3,4], [[1,1,0,4],[2,2,1,9]], [1,2,1]
Output: 11
Explanation: 
The price of A is $2, and $3 for B, $4 for C. 
You may pay $4 for 1A and 1B, and $9 for 2A ,2B and 1C. 
You need to buy 1A ,2B and 1C, so you may pay $4 for 1A and 1B (special offer #1), and $3 for 1B, $4 for 1C. 
You cannot add more items, though only $9 for 2A ,2B and 1C.

Note:

1. There are at most 6 kinds of items, 100 special offers.
2. For each item, you need to buy at most 6 of them.
3. You are not allowed to buy more items than you want, even if that would lower the overall price.

题目大意：

给定一组商品的价格prices, 一些组合购买的促销策略special（包含商品数目组合及其对应金额），以及需要购买的商品个数needs

求在最优策略下，恰好购买needs所需的商品，需要的最少金额数

解题思路：

记忆化搜索（Search + Memoization）

从needs出发，遍历special：

dp[needs]初始化为sum(prices * needs)

dp[needs] = min(dp[needs], dp[needs - special[:-1]] + special[-1])

Python代码：

class Solution(object):
    def shoppingOffers(self, price, special, needs):
        """
        :type price: List[int]
        :type special: List[List[int]]
        :type needs: List[int]
        :rtype: int
        """
        dp = dict()
        def solve(tup):
            if tup in dp: return dp[tup]
            dp[tup] = sum(t * p for t, p in zip(tup, price))
            for sp in special:
                ntup = tuple(t - s for t, s in zip(tup, sp))
                if min(ntup) < 0: continue
                dp[tup] = min(dp[tup], solve(ntup) + sp[-1])
            return dp[tup]
        return solve(tuple(needs))

 

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